玉米-小麦周年氮肥运筹对小麦‘泰山28’产量构成和旗叶光合特性的影响

Effects of annual nitrogen fertilization on yield structure and photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves in ‘Taishan 28'

关键词:  氮肥  小麦  泰山28  光合  产量

Key words:  nitrogen fertilizer  wheat  Taishan 28  photosynthesis  yield

摘要:

为探究山东省玉米-小麦周年氮肥运筹对小麦产量构成和旗叶光合特性的影响，以玉米‘郑单958’和小麦‘泰山28’为材料，于2016—2018年生长季进行田间周年氮肥运筹试验。玉米设置3个施氮量水平:113(E₁)、181(E₂)和249 kg/hm²(E₃)，小麦设置4个施氮水平:90(F₁)、135(F₂)、180(F₃)和225 kg/hm²(F₄)。测定分析周年不同氮肥运筹条件下‘泰山28’旗叶SPAD值、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(C_i)和净光合速率(P_n)，并分析周年氮素运筹对‘泰山28’籽粒产量及产量构成的效应。结果表明，玉米施氮量为E1时，‘泰山28’旗叶SPAD、T_r、C_i、P_n及产量构成随着小麦季施氮量的增加而增加，且小麦各施氮量之间差异显著；而在E2和E3时，‘泰山28’旗叶SPAD、T_r、C_i、P_n及产量构成均随小麦季施氮量的增加而先增加后降低。2年结果表明，E2F3处理条件下，‘泰山28’的产量平均为9 453.15 kg/hm²，较最低氮肥运筹提高24.56%。通过通径分析发现，该周年施肥模式下穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均对‘泰山28’的产量影响较其他施肥模式的影响显著。综上，玉米季施氮量181 kg/hm²和小麦季施氮量180 kg/hm²为‘泰山28’周年生产的合理氮肥运筹。

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of annual nitrogen fertilizer operation on the yield composition and flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics of wheat in Shandong Province. Using corn ‘Zhengdan 958' and wheat ‘Taishan 28' as materials, annual field nitrogen fertilizer operation experiment was conducted in the growing season of 2016-2018. Three nitrogen application levels were set for maize: 113(E₁), 181(E₂)and 249 kg/hm²(E₃), and four nitrogen application levels were set for wheat: 90(F₁), 135(F₂), 180(F₃)and 225 kg/hm²(F₄). The SPAD value, transpiration rate(T_r), stomatal conductance(C_i)and net photosynthetic rate(P_n)of ‘Taishan 28' leaf were determined and analyzed under different nitrogen fertilizer operation conditions, and the effects of annual nitrogen operation on the grain yield and yield composition of ‘Taishan 28' were analyzed. The results showed that when maize nitrogen application rate was E1, SPAD, T_r, C_i, P_n and yield composition of ‘Taishan 28' flag leaf increased with the increase of wheat season nitrogen application rate, and the difference of wheat nitrogen application rate was significant. Under the nitrogen application rates of both E2 and E3, SPAD, T_r, C_i, P_n and yield components of ‘Taishan 28' flag leaf all increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application in wheat season. The two-year results showed that the average yield of ‘Taishan 28' under E2F3 treatment was 9 453. 15 kg/hm², which was 24. 56% higher than the minimum nitrogen fertilizer operation. Through path analysis, it was found that the spike number, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight under the annual fertilization mode had a more significant influence on the yield of ‘Taishan 28' than other fertilization modes. In conclusion, the nitrogen application amount of 181 kg/hm² in maize and 180 kg/hm² in wheat season were reasonable nitrogen application under the planting conditions of ‘Taishan 28' anniversary.