| 摘要: |
| 为明确不同年代玉米品种产量提升过程中籽粒营养品质变化规律，采用单因素随机区组试验设计，选用1970s—2010s五个不同年代具有代表性的高产玉米品种进行3年大田试验，分析产量提升过程中各年代品种冠层结构、干物质积累量与转运量、产量及其构成因素、籽粒营养品质等变化规律及各指标的相互关系。结果表明:对比1970s—2000s的品种，2010s品种(‘登海618’)的产量提高了9.37%~55.89%，收获穗数和百粒重分别增加4.18%~10.48%和9.85%~33.48%(P<0.05)。2010s品种(‘登海618’)具有较高的有效穗数和百粒重，主要原因是百粒重的提升依赖于籽粒总淀粉和可溶性糖含量的显著增加。相较于1970s和1990s品种，2010s品种(‘登海618’)的籽粒可溶性糖和总淀粉含量分别增加6.56%~16.48%和0.70%~2.14%，但其籽粒粗蛋白含量则降低3.98%~8.17%。吐丝后65 d，2010s品种(‘登海618’)穗位叶净光合速率较其他年代品种提高31.86%~105.35%；成熟期时，其穗位叶SPAD较其他年代品种也增加8.22%~42.66%(P<0.05)；同时其花后单株干物质积累量及转运量也较1970s(‘中单2号’)、1980s(‘丹玉13’)、1990s(‘掖单13’)、2000s(‘先玉335’)代表品种分别增加0.72%~33.22%和5.34%~43.77%。综上，2010s品种(‘登海618’)的籽粒可溶性糖、总淀粉含量均较高，但籽粒粗蛋白含量较低。在保证花期较高的穗位叶净光合速率的基础上，进一步维持生育后期的穗位叶SPAD，同时显著增加花后单株干物质积累量及转运量则是2010s品种(‘登海618’)籽粒总淀粉、可溶性糖含量高于1970s和1990s品种的主要原因。 |
| 关键词: 玉米 营养品质 冠层结构 物质积累 产量 |
| DOI：10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2023.05.05 |
| 投稿时间：2022-07-25 |
| 基金项目:内蒙古自治区“科技兴蒙”行动重点专项(KJXM2020001-06)；国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300804)；国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02-50)；内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2021ZD0003-1)；农业农村部华北黄土高原地区作物栽培科学观测实验站项目(25204120) |
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| Analysis of yield and grain nutrient quality of maize varieties from 1970s to 2010s |
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WANG Liqing1,GAO Julin1,WANG Fugui2,MA Daling1,YU Xiaofang1*,GUO Huaihuai1
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| (1.College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Genetic Improvement in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China;2.Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China) |
| Abstract: |
| A single-factor randomized group trial design was used to identify changes in the nutritional quality of kernels during the yield improvement process of maize varieties of different eras. Five representative high-yielding maize varieties from 1970s to 2010s were selected for a three-year field trial. The changes in canopy structure, dry matter accumulation and translocation, yield and its constituents, and nutritional quality of the grains in the process of yield improvement, as well as the relationship between the indicators were analyzed. The results showed that: Compared to the 1970s-2000s varieties, the yield of 2010s variety ‘DH 618' increased by 9. 37% to 55. 89%, and the number of harvested ears and 100-grain weight increased by 4. 18% to 10. 48% and 9. 85% to 33. 48%(P<0. 05). The 2010s variety(‘DH 618')had a higher effective spike number and 100-grain weight, mainly because the increase in 100-grain weight was dependent on the significant increase in total starch and soluble sugar content of the grains. Compared to the 1970s and 1990s varieties, the 2010s variety(‘DH 618')had 6. 56%-16. 48% and 0. 70%-2. 14% more soluble sugars and total starch in the grains respectively, but its crude protein content in the grains was 3. 98% to 8. 17% lower. At 65 d after anthesis, the net photosynthetic rate of the ear leaves of the 2010s variety(‘DH 618')was 31. 86% to 105. 35% higher than that of other varieties. At the maturity stage, the SPAD of the ear leaves of the 2010s variety(‘DH 618')was 8. 22%-42. 66% higher than that of other varieties(P<0. 05). The 2010s(‘DH 618')also showed a higher accumulation and translocation of dry matter per plant after anthesis than the 1970s(‘ZD 2'), 1980s(‘DY 13'), and 1990s(‘YD 13'), and 2000s(‘XY 335')by 0. 72%-33. 22% and 5. 34%-43. 77%, respectively. In summary, the 2010s variety(‘DH 618')had increased soluble sugar and total starch content in the grains, but reduced crude protein content in the grains. On the basis of the high net photosynthetic rate of the ear leaves at flowering, the SPAD of the ear leaves at the later stages of reproduction was further maintained, while significantly increasing the accumulation and translocation of dry matter per plant after anthesis was the main reason for the higher total starch and soluble sugar content of the grains of the 2010s variety(‘DH 618')compared to the 1970s and 1990s varieties. |
| Key words: maize nutritional quality canopy structure matter accumulation yield |
