| 摘要: |
| 为总结日本秸秆综合利用方面的成功经验，在J-STAGE、CINII和CNKI等网站检索1970—2021年以来日本有关秸秆综合利用的文献，归纳和分析日本在农作物秸秆综合利用出台的政策、制定的法律法规等，并对中日秸秆资源管理政策、法律和法规进行了比较分析。研究结果表明，1970—2021年日本形成了以目标政策为指引，以法律法规为保障，以财税等经济扶持政策为动力较为完善的秸秆利用政策、法律和法规体系。在政策制定方面，日本重视发展战略的引导作用，2002年开始出台了《日本生物质战略》等一系列战略，注重秸秆后续产品的扶持力度，实施了政府采购、终端产品补贴、绿色电力交易制度等政策。在法律法规方面，建立了涵盖基本法和专项法较为完善的法律框架体系，具体包括环境保护类法规、生物质能源类法规和电力类法规等16部，内容相对细化、覆盖面广、针对性较强。《生物质利用促进法》和《关于促进农林渔业有机物质资源作为生物燃料原料利用的法律》等对秸秆等生物质发电、成型燃料等利用方式做出具体规定，《肥力促进法》将秸秆直接还田上升至国家法律层面。最后基于中国的国情，提出4个方面的经验启示，包括制定国家、区域生物质能产业发展战略规划，加大秸秆收储运、饲料利用、终端产品的补贴力度，建立政府采购、绿色电力证书等政策激励机制，建议出台《生物质条例》和《全国土壤肥力保养条例》以及支持全额保障性收购制度相关的专项法律法规。 |
| 关键词: 秸秆利用 政策 法律法规 经验启示 日本 |
| DOI：10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2023.01.24 |
| 投稿时间：2022-02-22 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金(41771569,41301626) |
|
| Policies, laws and regulations of crop straw utilization of Japan and its experience and inspiration for China |
|
XIE Jie1,SHAO Jingmiao1,SUN Ning1,WANG Hongyan2,WANG Yajing1,BI Yuyun1,GAO Chunyu1*
|
| (1.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;2.Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China) |
| Abstract: |
| In order to summary of successful straw comprehensive utilization in Japan, the literature on the comprehensive utilization of straw in Japan from 1970 to 2021 was searched on the websites of J-STAGE, CINII and CNKI. The policies, laws and regulations on comprehensive utilization of crop straw in Japan were emphatically analyzed, and a comparative study on straw resource management between China and Japan was carried out. The results revealed that Japan has formed a relatively perfect straw policy and legal system, which is guided by the target policy, guaranteed by laws and regulations, and driven by economic support policies such as taxation from 1970 to 2021. For the policy formulation, Japan attaches great importance to the guiding role of development strategy and introduced the ‘Japan Biomass Strategy' and other relevant strategies. In addition, Japan pays attention to supporting straw follow-up products and implements government procurement, terminal product subsidies, a green power trading system and other policies. A relatively perfect legal framework has established in terms of laws and regulations, mainly including environmental protection, biomass energy, and electricity laws and regulations. The basic and special laws contain relatively detailed content, wide coverage and strong pertinence. Special laws such as the Law on the Promotion of Biomass Utilization and the Law on the Promotion of the Utilization of Organic Matter Resources in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery as Biofuel Materials provide specific provisions on the utilization of biomass such as straw for power generation and molding fuel. The Law on the Promotion of Fertilizer directly raised returning straw to the farmland up to the national legal level. Based on China's national conditions, four aspects of experience and enlightenment were put forward, including formulating national and regional strategic planning for the development of the biomass energy industry, and increasing subsidies for straw collection, storage and transportation, feed utilization, and terminal products. In addition, China needs to establish policy incentives such as government procurement and green power certificates, introduce ‘biomass regulations' and ‘national soil fertility maintenance regulations' and support special laws and regulations related to the full guaranteed purchase system. |
| Key words: straw utilization policy laws and regulations experience for reference Japan |
