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| 氮肥对不同遮阴程度下冬小麦群体生长特性和产量的影响 |
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张宏芝1,2,王立红2,孔德鹏3,樊哲儒2,张跃强2,李剑峰2,王重2,高新2,时佳2,赵奇2*,陈阜1*
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| (1.中国农业大学 农学院/农业农村部农作制度重点实验室, 北京 100193;2.新疆农业科学院 核技术生物技术研究所/农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/新疆作物化学调控工程技术研究中心, 乌鲁木齐 830091;3.新疆维吾尔自治区农业技术推广总站, 乌鲁木齐 830000) |
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| 摘要: |
| 为探究氮肥对不同遮阴程度下冬小麦群体生长及干物质积累分配和产量的调控效应，在大田条件下以‘新冬20号’为材料，设置4种遮阴处理(不遮阴(S0)、拔节期遮阴10%~抽穗期遮阴25%(S1)、遮阴20%~50%(S2)、遮阴30%~75%(S3)，遮阴均从拔节期至成熟期)和4个氮肥水平(不施肥(N0)、拔节期(遮阴后)追施纯氮103.5(N1)、138.0(N2)、172.5 kg/hm2(N3))，测定小麦群体生长率(CGR)、净同化率(NAR)、光合势(PP)、干物质积累量、生殖器官与营养器官质量的比例(RVR)和产量等指标。结果表明:遮阴显著降低冬小麦群体的CGR、NAR、干物质积累量、RVR及产量；轻度遮阴(S1)显著提高冬小麦的PP。在轻度遮阴(S1)条件下，N2和N3处理的冬小麦拔节-开花期CGR均显著高于N1和N0处理；N2处理冬小麦开花-灌浆期和灌浆-成熟期CGR和拔节-开花期和开花-灌浆期PP均显著高于N0、N1和N3处理；N2处理冬小麦总干物质积累量较其他氮肥处理分别增加52.5%、11.2%和16.7%，RVR比N1和N3分别高3.6%和11.9%；N2处理冬小麦产量比N0、N1和N3分别增加39.8%、7.9%和6.6%。在中度(S2)和重度(S3)遮阴条件下，N0处理的冬小麦拔节-开花期CGR显著高于其他氮肥处理，N1处理小麦的开花-灌浆期和灌浆-成熟期CGR分别较N0、N2、N3处理高28.2%、21.8%、33.5%和266.7%、32.4%、76.1%；拔节-开花期和开花-灌浆期PP分别较N0、N2、N3高153.8%、1.0%、6.5%和51.4%、5.1%、12.8%；NAR随着施氮量的增大而降低，各施氮量处理间产量差异不显著。相关分析表明，冬小麦产量与拔节-成熟期CGR、开花-灌浆期PP、干物质积累量、RVR均呈极显著正相关。因此，在轻度遮阴条件下，可通过适量增施氮肥促进冬小麦群体生长速率和开花后光合生产能力的提高，有利于干物质积累及向籽粒分配，一定程度上弥补了遮阴对小麦产量的不利影响；在中度或重度遮阴之下，氮肥对小麦群体生长及干物质积累和分配的调控效应降低，应适度减少施氮量。 |
| 关键词: 遮阴 氮肥 群体生长 小麦 产量 |
| DOI：10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2022.08.01 |
| 投稿时间：2021-09-13 |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300110)；国家自然科学基金(31560370)；新疆农业科学院青年科技骨干创新能力培养项目(xjnkq-2019013)；天山创新团队计划(2020D14001)；天山青年计划(2020Q009) |
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| Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the population growth characteristics and yield of wheat under different shading treatment |
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ZHANG Hongzhi1,2,WANG Lihong2,KONG Depeng3,FAN Zheru2,ZHANG Yueqiang2,LI Jianfeng2,WANG Zhong2,GAO Xin2,SHI Jia2,ZHAO Qi2*,CHEN Fu1*
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| (1.College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Key Laboratory of Farming System of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2.Institute of Nuclear and Biological Technologies/Key Laboratory of Oasis-Desert Crop Physiology Ecology and Cultivation ofMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Centerin Xinjiang, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China;3.Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China) |
| Abstract: |
| In order to clarify the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of winter wheat under different shading degrees, wheat cultivar ‘Xindong 20' was used as material under field conditions. Four degree shading treatments were no shading(S0), shading at the jointing to heading stage is 10%, and shading at heading stage to maturity stage 25%(S1), 20%-50%(S2)and 30%-75%(S3). Four levels of nitrogen fertilizer(pure nitrogen)treatments were no fertilizer(N0); jointing stage(after shading)nitrogen 103. 5 kg/hm2(N1); 138. 0 kg/hm2(N2)and 172. 5 kg/hm2(N3). The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth rate(CGR), net assimilation rate(NAR), photosynthetic potential(PP), dry matter accumulation and the ratio of reproductive organs to vegetative organs(RVR)and yield of wheat under different shading conditions were analyzed. The results showed that: Shading significantly decreased CGR, NAR, dry matter accumulation, RVR and yield of wheat, and light shading significantly increased PP. CGR of N2 and N3 treatment at jointing to flowering stage were significantly higher than those at N1 and N0. CGR of N2 treatment at flowering to filling stage and filling to maturity stage and PP at jointing to flowering stage and flowering to filling stage were significantly increased respectively. The total dry matter accumulation increased by 52. 5%, 11. 2%, 16. 7% higher than other nitrogen fertilizer treatments, and RVR was 3. 6% and 11. 9% higher than that of N1 and N3, the yield increased by 39. 8%, 7. 9% and 6. 6%. Under moderate and severe shading conditions, CGR of N0 treatment was significantly higher than that of other fertilization treatments at jointing to flowering stage and flowering to filling stage, the CGR of N1 treatment was 28. 2%, 21. 8%, 33. 5% and 266. 7%, 32. 4%, 76. 1% higher than that of N0, N2, N3 treatment at flowering to filling stage and filling to maturity stage, respectively. PP was 153. 8%, 1. 0%, 6. 5% higher at jointing to flowering stage and 51. 4%, 5. 1%, 12. 8% higher at flowering to filling stage, respectively. NAR decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with CGR at jointing to maturity stage, PP at flowering to filling stage, dry matter accumulation and RVR. Therefore, under light shading, nitrogen application could improve the crop growth rate and photosynthetic production capacity after flowering, which was beneficial to dry matter accumulation and grain distribution, and some extent compensated for the adverse effects of low light on wheat yield. Under moderate or severe shading conditions, the regulation effect of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat population growth and dry matter accumulation and distribution decreased, and the application rate of nitrogen should be moderately reduced. |
| Key words: shading nitrogen fertilizer crop growth wheat yield |
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