| 摘要: |
| 为解决华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作种植模式带来的土壤养分资源消耗的不均衡，利用渗漏池和陶瓷杯提取的方法，以冬小麦-夏玉米(麦-玉)复种模式为对照，对春玉米→麦-玉、冬小麦→麦-玉、春花生→麦-玉、冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉和马铃薯-青贮玉米→麦-玉5种新型轮作模式的土壤养分分布和淋洗状况进行比较分析。2016—2019年试验结果表明:1)合理的轮作模式可以改善表层土壤的肥力状况。冬小麦→麦-玉模式和春玉米→麦-玉模式的土壤无机氮含量显著优于对照，比对照高出0.7~2.8倍；0~50 cm土壤有效磷含量呈现衰减的趋势，春花生→麦-玉模式和冬小麦→麦-玉模式下降幅度较小，各模式均应适当加大磷肥投入；冬小麦→麦-玉模式和冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉模式的土壤速效钾和对照相比无显著差异，2种模式均显著高于其他新型轮作模式。2)各模式土壤养分淋洗情况不同，存在地下水污染风险。春花生→麦-玉模式的0~70 cm土壤溶液总磷和总钾浓度较高，有利于满足作物对于养分的需求；冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉模式1 m土层以下的土壤溶液中无机氮、总磷和总钾浓度均较高，加大了地下水污染的风险。从养地和减投的角度考虑，冬小麦→麦-玉模式和春花生→麦-玉模式效果最好，但是冬小麦→麦-玉模式的养分淋失量较大，应改进其田间管理措施。 |
| 关键词: 养分变化 淋洗 渗漏 陶瓷杯 轮作 |
| DOI：10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2022.02.01 |
| 投稿时间：2021-02-28 |
| 基金项目:十三五国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300203) |
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| Distribution and leaching of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under wheat-maize interannual rotation patterns in North China Plain |
|
ZHAO Yingxing1,SONG Tong1,2,CHEN Yuanquan1,WANG Biao1,LIU Qing1,SUI Peng1*
|
| (1.College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2.Zibo Digital Agriculture Rural Development Center, Zibo 255000, China) |
| Abstract: |
| To tackle the problem of uneven consumption of soil nutrient resources caused by continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping pattern in North China Plain, a 3-year field experiment(from 2016 to 2019)containing five different crop rotation patterns was carried out. The five crop rotation patterns included spring maize → winter wheat-summer maize, winter wheat → winter wheat-summer maize, potato-silage corn → winter wheat-summer maize, winter wheat-summer peanut → winter wheat-summer maize, spring peanut → winter wheat-summer maize, and winter wheat-summer maize continuous cropping pattern as control. In order to analyze the improvement potentials of soil fertility and reduction of leaching loss, the leakage pool and the ceramic cup extraction methods were adopted to research the distribution of soil nutrients and the leaching condition for the different crop rotations. The results were as follows: 1)Appropriate rotation patterns improved fertility status of surface soil. The soil inorganic nitrogen content of winter wheat → winter wheat-summer maize and spring maize → winter wheat-summer maize were 0. 7-2. 8 times higher than that of the control. The content of available phosphorus in 0-50 cm showed a decreasing trend, and the decreasing range of spring peanut → winter wheat-summer maize and winter wheat → winter wheat-summer maize patterns were small. Therefore, input of phosphorus fertilizer should be increased appropriately in each pattern. The soil available potassium of winter wheat → winter wheat-summer maize and winter wheat-summer peanut → winter wheat-summer maize had no significant difference compared with the control, and were significantly higher than that of other rotation patterns. 2)The leaching of soil nutrients in each pattern was different, and there was a risk of underground water pollution. The concentration of total phosphorus and potassium in 0-70 cm soil solution of spring peanut → winter wheat-summer maize was higher, which was beneficial to meet the demand of crop nutrition. The concentration of inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium in soil solution below 1 m soil layer of winter wheat-summer peanut → winter wheat-summer maize was higher, which increased the risk of groundwater pollution. From the perspective of land conservation and investment reduction, winter wheat → winter wheat-summer maize and spring peanut → winter wheat-summer maize had the best performance. Field management measures should be improved to decrease the nutrient leaching loss of winter wheat → winter wheat-summer maize. |
| Key words: nutrient variety nutrient leaching leakage ceramic cup rotation |
