| 摘要: |
| 为探明与冬小麦-夏玉米周年贮墒旱作节水栽培模式相配套的氮肥高效施用技术，基于贮墒旱作栽培(冬小麦和夏玉米灌底墒水或出苗水，生育期内不灌水)，在全年施氮量360 kg/hm2下开展了前后茬作物施氮量配比不同的大田试验。试验设置4种施氮处理，分别为冬小麦120 kg/hm2+夏玉米240 kg/hm2(W0N1)；冬小麦180 kg/hm2+夏玉米180 kg/hm2(W0N2)；冬小麦240 kg/hm2+夏玉米120 kg/hm2(W0N3)，并设常规灌溉施肥模式(冬小麦灌底墒水+拔节水+开花水，施纯氮180 kg/hm2；夏玉米灌出苗水，施纯氮180 kg/hm2)为对照(W1Nc)。试验测定了冬小麦-夏玉米周年物质生产与水、氮效率等指标。结果表明:在全年施氮总量一定的前提下，贮墒旱作栽培适当减少夏玉米季施氮量、增加冬小麦季施氮量可提高冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量，稳定夏玉米产量，使全年水、氮利用效率和总产量增加，W0N3比W0N2和W0N1全年产量分别增加3.20%~5.17%和6.84%~9.94%；与常规模式(W1Nc)相比，贮墒旱作模式减少灌溉量150 mm，各处理周年产量降低，但W0N3在多雨年份的产量差异不显著，在干旱年份减产11.38%，且在不同年型的周年水分利用效率(WUE)和氮素利用效率(NUE)均显著提高。因此，在贮墒旱作和有限施氮的条件下，将氮肥较多分配给冬小麦季更有利于实现增产增效。 |
| 关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作 贮墒旱作 水分利用效率 氮素利用效率 氮肥偏生产力 硝态氮 |
| DOI：10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2022.01.02 |
| 投稿时间：2021-02-07 |
| 基金项目:河北省重点研发计划项目(21327003D)；国家小麦产业技术体系(CARS-03) |
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| Improving water and nitrogen use efficiency of no-irrigating winter wheat-summer maize under storing available water before growing by optimizing nitrogen fertilizer allocation |
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ZHOU Xiaonan,LIU Ying,DU Chenghang,HU Naiyue,SUN Zhencai,ZHANG Yinghua,WANG Zhimin
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| (College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China) |
| Abstract: |
| In order to clarify the high-efficiency application technology of nitrogen fertilizer matched with the cultivation mode of no-irrigating winter wheat-summer maize under storing available water before growing, in this study, field experiment with different nitrogen application rates of previous and subsequent crops was carried out under the annual nitrogen application rate of 360 kg/hm2. The experiment included four nitrogen treatments: 1)120 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 240 kg/hm2 for summer maize + no irrigation in spring(W0N1); 2)180 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 180 kg/hm2 for summer maize + no irrigation in spring(W0N2); 3)240 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 120 kg/hm2 for summer maize + no irrigation in spring(W0N3); and 4)180 kg/hm2 for winter wheat + 180 kg/hm2 for summer maize + traditional irrigation at jointing and anthesis for winter wheat in spring(W1Nc). The indexes of crop material production and water and nitrogen efficiency were measured. The results showed that: The grain yield and protein content of winter wheat increased, grain yield of summer maize stabilized, anniversary grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency significantly improved with more nitrogen fertilizer applied at winter wheat season under no-irrigating crop production system. Compared with W0N2 and W0N1, the annual grain yield of W0N3 increased by 3. 20%-5. 17% and 6. 84%-9. 94%, respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in anniversary grain yield between the W1Nc and W0N3 in wet year, while yield loss by 11. 38% under W0N3 was found in the dry year. W0N3 always achieved the highest anniversary water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency whether it was a dry or wet year. Therefore, more nitrogen fertilizer should be allocated in winter wheat season to improve anniversary grain yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency under limited nitrogen application rate and no-irrigation winter wheat-summer maize rotation under storing available water before growing. |
| Key words: winter wheat-summer maize rotation no-irrigating crop production under storing available water before growing water use efficiency nitrogen use efficiency partial fertilizer productivity nitrate nitrogen |
